Sulat Dictionary

Borrowed from the Spanish greeting '¿cómo está?' (how are you).

Derived from 'bayan' (town, nation, or community), referring to the spirit of communal unity or cooperative effort to achieve a common goal.

Borrowed from the Spanish greeting '¿cómo está?' (how are you).

From the root word sapalaran (fate, chance), implying facing fate or chance.

From the root word palad (palm of hand, fate), meaning to take a chance or risk.

From the root word anib (danger), often used to mean a risky undertaking or adventure.

From the root word palad (fate), meaning to take a chance or risk one's fate.

From Spanish aventura meaning 'adventure'.

From the root word lakbe (journey, travel), implying an adventurous journey.

From Spanish aventura meaning 'adventure'.

From the root word sapalaran (fate, chance), implying facing fate or chance.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lagi* meaning 'always, ever'.

Formed from the root word *nuay* meaning 'ever, always' with the prefix 'ka-'.

Derived from the root word *ayon* meaning 'continuous' or 'constant' with the prefix 'ka-'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'siempre' meaning 'always'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'siempre' meaning 'always', adapted to Waray phonology.

Likely derived from Tagalog 'palagi', ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lagi*.

From the root word *lao* meaning 'continual' or 'lasting'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'siempre' meaning 'always', commonly used in Bikol.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *at, a conjunction used to connect words or phrases.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uŋ, commonly used in Visayan languages as a coordinating conjunction.

A native Cordilleran particle used to link nouns and phrases, likely from Proto-Austronesian origins.

A specific Western Visayan conjunction used to denote addition or accompaniment.

Derived from Proto-Philippine *ŋan, serving as a connector for nouns and clauses in Samar-Leyte languages.

Shared with Tagalog, originating from the Proto-Austronesian conjunction *at.

A native conjunction unique to the Pangasinic branch of the Northern Philippine languages.

Derived from the word for 'also' or 'including' in Central Philippine languages, evolved into a standard conjunction.

Derived from the Spanish 'ángel', which ultimately comes from the Greek 'ángelos' meaning messenger.

Borrowed from Spanish 'ángel', integrated into the Bisayan lexicon during the colonial period.

Adopted from the Spanish 'ángel', replacing indigenous terms for celestial messengers.

From the Spanish 'ángel'. In local context, sometimes associated with 'cunsar' regarding divine descent to earth.

Borrowed from Spanish 'ángel', standard in Samar-Leyte liturgy and daily speech.

Spanish loanword 'ángel' used to denote a spiritual being or a messenger of God.

Derived from the Spanish 'ángel', widely used across Northern Luzon for religious figures.

Adopted from Spanish 'ángel' during the evangelization of the Bicol region.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *siníŋ (craft, skill).

From Spanish arte.

From Spanish arte.

From Spanish arte.

From Spanish arte.

From root word lalang (create, invent).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *siníŋ (craft, skill).

From Spanish arte.

Borrowed from Spanish 'balance'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'balance'.

From the root 'timbang' meaning 'weight' or 'to weigh', implying equilibrium.

Borrowed from Spanish 'balance'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'balance'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'balance'.

From the root 'timbang' meaning 'weight' or 'to weigh', implying equilibrium.

Borrowed from Spanish 'balance'.

Derived from the root 'ganda' meaning beauty, which comes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ganda.

Borrowed from the Spanish word 'guapa' meaning attractive or good-looking.

Derived from the root 'ayo' meaning charm or attraction, common in Northern Luzon languages.

From the root 'tahum', a native Visayan term for aesthetic beauty and grace.

From 'husay' which originally means order or arrangement, evolving to mean beauty in appearance.

Root word 'lagu' reflects indigenous Austronesian roots for splendor or brightness.

Root 'linggas' refers to brilliance, clarity, or physical radiance.

Derived from 'gayon', an ancient Bicolano term for aesthetic excellence and visual appeal.

From root word ganda (beautiful).

From root word tahom (beautiful).

From root word pintas (beautiful).

From root word tahom (beautiful).

From root word tahom (beautiful).

From root word kayap (beautiful, good).

From root word riket (beautiful).

From root word gayon (beautiful).

From Tagalog root 'tiwala' meaning trust or confidence.

From Cebuano root 'tuo' meaning belief or trust.

From Ilocano root 'pati' meaning belief or trust.

From Hiligaynon root 'pati' meaning belief or trust.

From Waray root 'too' meaning belief or trust.

From Kapampangan root 'tiwala' meaning trust or confidence.

From Pangasinan root 'nisia' meaning belief or faith.

From Bikol root 'tubod' meaning belief or faith.

From root word pala (blessing, grace), prefixed with pinag-.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulah (to make lucky, bless).

From Spanish bendito (blessed).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulah (to make lucky, bless).

From Spanish bendito (blessed).

From root word dangal (honor, blessing), prefixed with di- and suffixed with -an.

From root word palad (luck, fortune), prefixed with pi- and suffixed with -ad.

From root word palá (blessing, grace), prefixed with pinag-.

Formed from the root word 'bulaklak' which means 'flower'.

Derived from the root word 'bulak' meaning 'flower'.

Comes from the root word 'sabong' meaning 'flower'.

Originates from the root word 'bulak' meaning 'flower'.

Derived from the root word 'bukadkad' meaning 'to open up' or 'to blossom'.

Stems from the root word 'bulaklak' meaning 'flower'.

Formed from the root word 'sabong' which means 'flower'.

Derived from the root word 'burak' meaning 'flower'.

Derived from the root word 'tapang' meaning 'courage' or 'bravery', with the prefix 'ma-' denoting an adjective.

A native Austronesian term commonly meaning 'brave', 'fierce', or 'strong-willed'.

Derived from the root word 'tured' meaning 'daring' or 'bold', indicating someone with courage.

Derived from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the prefix 'ma-' denoting an adjective.

Derived from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the prefix 'ma-' denoting an adjective.

Derived from the root word 'tapang' meaning 'courage' or 'bravery', with the prefix 'ma-' denoting an adjective.

Derived from the root word 'apli' meaning 'daring' or 'courageous', with the prefix 'ma-' denoting an adjective.

Derived from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the prefix 'ma-' denoting an adjective.

Derived from the Proto-Austronesian root *qiNawa, meaning to breathe or life force.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ginhawa, signifying breath, life, or feelings.

Rooted in the Ilocano term for the expulsion and intake of air, linked to life energy.

Cognate with other Philippine languages, referring to the physical act of respiration and internal soul.

Sharing the same Austronesian root as Visayan languages, meaning breath and comfort.

From the root 'nawa', which relates to ease, breath, and space.

Derived from 'ingas', a local term for the sound or movement of air through the nose.

From the root 'ginhawa', common across Central Philippine languages for breath and well-being.

From the root 'patid' meaning 'to cut' or 'severed,' referring to being cut from the same umbilical cord.

Derived from the root 'soon' or 'suon', traditionally referring to following or being born in succession.

A contraction of 'kabassit ti tian,' literally meaning 'of the same small belly' or womb.

From the root 'utod' meaning 'to cut,' signifying individuals shared from the same cut of life or womb.

Derived from 'bugto' meaning 'to snap' or 'break off,' referencing the separation of the umbilical cord.

Cognate with Tagalog 'kapatid,' derived from 'patad' meaning 'to cut' or 'severed.'

Plural form of 'agi,' which stems from Proto-Austronesian roots for younger sibling or relative.

Root word referring to siblings or close relatives born of the same parents.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *payapa, meaning "peaceful, calm".

From the root word linaw (clear, serene) with the prefix ma- denoting an adjective.

From the root word talna (peace, quiet) with the prefix na- denoting a state.

From the root word linong (quiet, serene) with the prefix ma- denoting an adjective.

From the root word tunong (peace, quiet) with the prefix ma- denoting an adjective.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *payapa, meaning "peaceful, calm".

From the root word linao (clear, serene) with the prefix ma- denoting an adjective.

From the word tunong (peace, quiet) with the prefix ma- denoting an adjective.

Derived from the Proto-Philippine *alagaq, meaning to take care of or to value.

Originates from the Visayan root 'atiman' which refers to the act of attending to or looking after someone.

From the Ilocano root 'aywan', traditionally used to signify guardianship or looking after livestock and family.

A native Hiligaynon term meaning to manage or attend to someone's needs with diligence.

Derived from the root 'mangno', implying awareness and the subsequent action of looking after someone.

Cognate with the Tagalog 'ingat', from Proto-Austronesian roots meaning to be careful or to preserve.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'acaso', adapted in Pangasinan to mean the act of attending to tasks or people.

From the Bikol root 'ataman', sharing origins with other Central Philippine languages meaning to nurture or raise.

Formed from the root word 'tapang' meaning 'bravery', with the circumfix 'ka-...-an' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the prefix 'ka-' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'tured' meaning 'brave' or 'daring', with the prefix 'kina-' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the prefix 'ka-' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the prefix 'ka-' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'tapang' meaning 'bravery', with the circumfix 'ka-...-an' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'apli' meaning 'daring' or 'courageous', with the prefix 'kina-' to create an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word 'isog' meaning 'brave' or 'fierce', with the circumfix 'ka-...-an' to create an abstract noun.

From the root word 'likha' (creation, work) with the infix '-um-' to form an actor-focused verb.

From the root word 'mugna' (to create, to invent) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

From the root word 'parsua' (creation, creature) with the prefix 'ag-' to form a verb.

From the root word 'himo' (to make, to do) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb, often used for 'to create'.

From the root word 'himo' (to make, to do) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb, often used for 'to create'.

From the root word 'likha' (creation) with the prefix 'mi-' indicating the accomplishment of an action.

From the root word 'likha' (creation) with the prefix 'man-' to form an actor-focused verb.

From the root word 'lalang' (creation, to create) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

Derived from the Proto-Philippine *sayaw, meaning to jump or dance.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sayaw, referring to rhythmic movement.

From Proto-Austronesian *sala, which originally referred to movement or steps.

Cognate with other Philippine languages from the root *sayaw.

Commonly used in Visayan languages originating from the Proto-Philippine root.

A native Kapampangan term for dance, likely from a root describing rhythmic stepping.

Shared root with other Philippine languages for movement and celebration.

Borrowed from the Spanish word 'baile', which replaced older native terms in formal contexts.

Derived from the Proto-Austronesian root *m-atay (to die) with the circumfix ka- -an signifying a state or condition.

From the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian root *atay (death) combined with the prefix ka- and suffix -on to form an abstract noun.

Stemming from the common Austronesian root for death, frequently used in the context of the cessation of life.

Shares the same Malayo-Polynesian root *atay, with local grammatical markers for denoting a noun of state.

Derived from the Visayan variant of the root *atay, used across the central Philippines to signify the end of life.

From the root 'pate' meaning death, linked to the general Philippine linguistic evolution of the term for dying.

Rooted in the ancient North Philippine lexical tradition for the loss of life, distinct in its phonetic evolution.

Derived from the root 'gadan' which is specific to the Bikol languages to denote the act of dying.

An indigenous Tagalog word referring to fate or destiny, often implying a predetermined course of events.

From the root word palad (palm of the hand, also fate or luck) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun.

Possibly from Spanish 'suerte' (luck) or a related Austronesian term, commonly used to mean fate or destiny in Ilocano.

From the root word palad (palm of the hand, also fate or luck) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun.

From the root word palad (palm of the hand, also fate or luck) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun.

From the root word palad (palm of the hand, also fate or luck) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun.

From the root word palad (palm of the hand, also fate or luck) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun.

From the root word palad (palm of the hand, also fate or luck) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun.

Derived from the Spanish 'demonio', which originates from the Greek 'daimon' meaning a spirit or divine power.

A native Visayan term originally referring to malevolent spirits or demons in pre-colonial mythology.

An indigenous Ilocano term used to describe evil spirits or the personification of wickedness.

Cognate with the Cebuano 'yawa', rooted in Proto-Philippine concepts of harmful supernatural entities.

Rooted in the word 'tulay' (to cross), historically referring to entities that cross into the human world to tempt or harm.

A localized spelling of the Spanish 'demonio', replacing indigenous terms for evil spirits during the colonial era.

Borrowed from Spanish during the Christianization of Pangasinan, replacing older terms for malevolent 'anito'.

Refers to a specific type of malevolent spirit in ancient Bicolano folklore often associated with darkness.

From the root word tuklas meaning 'to uncover, to find out'.

From Spanish descubrir meaning 'to discover'.

From the root word takuat meaning 'to find, to realize'.

From Spanish descubrir meaning 'to discover'.

From Spanish descubrir meaning 'to discover'.

From the root word tuklas meaning 'to uncover, to find out'.

From Spanish descubrir meaning 'to discover'.

From Spanish descubrir meaning 'to discover'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

Derived from the Spanish loanword "santo" (holy/saint).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

Derived from the Spanish loanword "santo" (holy/saint).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asu, the common term for domestic dog across the Austronesian family.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iruq, a specific variant for dog used in Central Philippine languages.

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *asu, maintaining the original vowel structure found in early migratory groups.

Cognate with Cebuano 'iro', originating from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iruq with a typical /r/ to /d/ shift.

Unique among Philippine languages, it likely comes from an old word for 'tame' or 'domestic animal'.

Directly descended from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asu, consistent with other northern Philippine languages.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *asu, shared by the majority of the Philippine linguistic subgroup.

Cognate with the Waray term, referring to domestic animals or animals used for the chase.

In Philippine mythology, the Bakunawa is a serpent-like dragon that swallowed the moon, rooted in ancient Austronesian beliefs.

The term refers to a giant sea serpent or dragon in Visayan mythology believed to cause eclipses.

A loanword from Spanish and English used to describe the mythical creature, as traditional Ilocano folklore often refers to 'arasaas' or spirits.

Shared with other Visayan languages, it denotes the mythical moon-eating serpent.

Derived from the ancient deity in Waray folklore that resides in the ocean and challenges the heavens.

Primarily uses the Hispanized 'dragon' for the mythical beast, though historical serpent spirits existed in local lore.

Modern Pangasinan utilizes the Spanish loanword 'dragón' or English equivalent for this non-native mythological figure.

The Bicolano version of the sea serpent dragon, appearing in regional myths like the story of Haliya.

From Tagalog root 'arap' referring to a desired future or aspiration.

From Proto-Philippine *daməʀu, referring to a vision during sleep or a strong desire.

From Ilocano root 'ainep' referring to a vision or what occurs during sleep.

From Hiligaynon root 'damgo' referring to a vision during sleep or a strong desire.

From Waray root 'damgo' referring to a vision during sleep or a strong desire.

From Kapampangan root 'impan' referring to a vision or aspiration.

From Pangasinan root 'ainep' referring to a vision or what occurs during sleep.

From Bikol root 'turug' meaning sleep, referring to a vision during sleep or an aspiration.

From the root word 'panaginip' (dream) with the agentive prefix 'mana-'.

From the root word 'damgo' (dream) with the agentive prefix 'mag-'.

From the root word 'dinamdam' (dream) with the prefix 'agdin-' indicating a habitual or continuous action.

From the root word 'damgo' (dream) with the present progressive/agentive prefix 'naga-'.

From the root word 'damgo' (dream) with the present progressive/agentive prefix 'nag-'.

From the root word 'panaginip' (dream) with the agentive prefix 'mana-'.

From the root word 'panaginip' (dream) with the agentive prefix 'mana-'.

From the root word 'damgo' (dream) with the agentive prefix 'para-'.

Derived from the Spanish 'mundo', which comes from the Latin 'mundus', meaning the world or the universe.

Rooted in the word 'libot', meaning to surround or go around, reflecting the concept of the surrounding environment.

An indigenous term likely originating from Proto-Austronesian roots referring to the physical world or realm.

Derived from 'libot', signifying the entirety of what surrounds human existence.

Common among Visayan languages, it refers to the space that encompasses everything.

A native term referring to the earth or the world, distinct from Spanish influences.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'mundo', integrated into the local lexicon for the planet.

An indigenous term referring to the physical earth or the dwelling place of humans.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *kaen, which means to consume food.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaen, retaining the original meaning of consumption.

Derived from the root 'kan' with the prefix 'mang-', following Northern Luzon linguistic patterns.

Cognate with Cebuano, originating from the Proto-Austronesian root for eating.

Common Visayan term rooted in Proto-Austronesian *kaen.

From the root 'kan' plus the verbalizing prefix 'ma-', similar to Ilocano and other Central Luzon languages.

Sharing the same Northern Philippine linguistic root 'kan' denoting the act of eating.

A reduplicated form or variant of the Proto-Austronesian *kaen used in the Bicol region.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sapat.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ijuq.

From root word das (reach, arrive).

From Spanish justo (just, exact).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tama (right).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sapat.

From root word wala (exist, be present).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tama (right) and na (already).

Derived from 'walang' (without) and 'hanggan' (limit or end).

From 'walay' (without) and 'katapusan' (end).

Derived from the root 'nanayon' (to be constant, to last) with the prefix 'ag-' indicating continuous state.

From 'walay' (without) and 'katapusan' (end).

From 'waray' (without) and 'katapusan' (end).

Formed from 'kawalang' (lack of, without) and 'anggánan' (limit, end).

Literally means 'there is no end,' from 'anggapoy' (there is no) and 'angga' (end).

From 'mayo' (none, without) and 'katapusan' (end).

From 'langit', which comes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋit, meaning sky or heavens.

Derived from the root 'langit', originating from Proto-Austronesian *laŋit, referring to the firmament.

Rooted in 'langit', from Proto-Austronesian *laŋit, modified by the prefix 'nai-' to denote a state of being.

Comes from 'langit', a common Austronesian term for the upper atmosphere or spiritual realm.

Based on 'langit', shared across Philippine languages from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian root for sky.

From 'banua', meaning sky or year, descending from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banua (land/settlement/sky).

Derived from 'tawen' (sky/year), which is the Pangasinan cognate for the celestial sphere.

Rooted in 'langit', consistent with the widespread Austronesian term for the celestial dome.

Derived from the root word 'unlad' meaning 'progress' or 'development'.

Formed from the root word 'lambo' meaning 'to develop' or 'to progress'.

Comes from the root word 'baliw' meaning 'change' or 'alteration'.

Originates from the root word 'bag-o' meaning 'new' or 'to change'.

Derived from the root word 'bag-o' meaning 'new' or 'to change'.

Stems from the root word 'bayu' meaning 'new' or 'change'.

Formed from the root word 'uman' meaning 'change' or 'alteration'.

Derived from the root word 'bago' meaning 'new' or 'to change'.

From the root word galugad meaning 'to search thoroughly, to scour'.

From the root word susi (key, to examine), meaning to investigate or examine thoroughly.

From the root word sukisok meaning 'to search, to investigate'.

From the root word saku meaning 'to search, to explore'.

From the root word susi meaning 'to examine, to investigate'.

From the root word lakbe (travel, journey), implying traveling to new places.

From the root word sukisok meaning 'to search, to investigate'.

From the root word galugad meaning 'to search thoroughly, to scour'.

Derived from the Sanskrit 'sampratyaya', meaning trust or confidence, which entered Tagalog through Malay.

Originates from the Proto-Austronesian root '*tuqu' referring to truth or rightness.

Root word 'pati' is common across Philippine languages, derived from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian '*pati'.

Shares the same Visayan root as Cebuano, emphasizing the concept of truth and acceptance.

From the Proto-Austronesian '*tuqu' meaning 'true', evolving into the act of accepting something as true.

Cognate with the Tagalog term, originating from the Sanskrit 'sampratyaya' via Old Malay.

Derived from the root 'pisia' or 'isia', relating to the act of recognizing or acknowledging truth.

Rooted in the word 'tubod', which in Central Philippine languages signifies flowing or following, implying obedience or trust.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

A loanword from Spanish 'familia'.

From Tagalog 'wala' (none/without) and 'takot' (fear).

From Cebuano 'wala' (none/without) and 'hadlok' (fear).

From Ilocano 'awan' (none/without) and 'buteng' (fear).

From Hiligaynon 'wala' (none/without) and 'hadlok' (fear).

From Waray 'waray' (none/without) and 'hadlok' (fear).

From Kapampangan 'ala' (none/without) and 'takut' (fear).

From Pangasinan 'andi' (none/without) and 'takot' (fear).

From Bikol 'daing' (none/without) and 'takot' (fear).

Derived from the root word 'laban' meaning 'fight' or 'struggle', with the prefix 'man-' denoting an agent.

Derived from the root word 'gubat' meaning 'war' or 'to fight', with the prefix 'mang-' denoting an agent.

Derived from the root word 'gubbat' meaning 'fight' or 'war', with the prefix 'mannaki-' denoting one who fights.

Derived from the root word 'sukol' meaning 'to fight back' or 'to resist', with the prefix 'manug-' denoting an agent.

Derived from the root word 'raway' meaning 'to fight' or 'to brawl', with the prefix 'mang-' denoting an agent.

Derived from the root word 'laban' meaning 'fight' or 'struggle', indicating someone who is combative or always ready to fight.

Derived from the root word 'laban' meaning 'fight' or 'struggle', with the prefix 'man-' denoting an agent.

Derived from the root word 'laban' meaning 'fight' or 'struggle', with the prefix 'para-' denoting an agent.

Derived from the endonym for the people of the Philippines, originally from the Spanish 'Filipino' referring to King Philip II.

Borrowed from Spanish 'Filipino' through Tagalog, adjusted to Cebuano phonology.

From Spanish 'Filipino', adapted into the Ilocano lexicon to denote the national identity.

Derived from the Spanish 'Filipino' and shared across Philippine languages via national integration.

Adopted from the Spanish term via Tagalog influence in the regional administrative context.

Adapts the Spanish 'Filipino' using the Kapampangan 'u' vowel shift for word-final 'o'.

Direct borrowing from the national language term, originating from the Spanish royal name.

Inherited from Spanish through common usage in the Bicol region to refer to the national identity.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *hapuy, referring to fire or light.

From Proto-Austronesian *kalu-ayu, historically referring to heat or flame.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapuy, meaning fire.

Cognate with Cebuano 'kalayo', rooted in Proto-Austronesian forms for flame.

Common Visayan term derived from Proto-Austronesian roots for heat and flame.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *hapuy, with the loss of the initial 'h' and final vowel shift common in the language.

Likely related to local terms for burning or conflagration.

Shared Central Philippine root derived from Proto-Austronesian.

Derived from the root word 'yabong' which signifies 'luxuriant growth' or 'prosperity'.

Formed from the root word 'lambo' meaning 'to grow luxuriantly' or 'to prosper'.

Comes from the root word 'rang-ay' meaning 'progress' or 'prosperity'.

Originates from the root word 'uswag' meaning 'progress' or 'advancement'.

Derived from the root word 'uswag' meaning 'progress' or 'advancement'.

Stems from the root word 'súlung' which means 'progress' or 'advance'.

Formed from the root word 'maliguas' meaning 'prosperous' or 'well-being'.

Derived from the root word 'uswag' meaning 'progress' or 'prosperity'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lipəd* meaning 'to fly'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lipəd* meaning 'to fly'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tayab* meaning 'to fly, to soar'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lipəd* meaning 'to fly'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lipəd* meaning 'to fly'.

Derived from the root word *layó* (to fly, go up) with the prefix *pa-*, indicating direction or action.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tayaw* meaning 'to fly'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lipəd* meaning 'to fly'.

From the Spanish loanword 'foco' (focus) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

From the root word 'tutok' (to stare intently, to concentrate) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

From the root word 'nakem' (mind, intention) with the prefix 'ipan-' (to put, to direct) indicating mental concentration.

From the root word 'tutok' (to stare, to concentrate) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

From the root word 'tutok' (to stare intently) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

From the root word 'tutuk' (to stare, to concentrate) with the object-focused suffix '-an'.

From the root word 'tutok' (to concentrate, to stare intently).

From the root word 'tutok' (to stare, to concentrate) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb.

Composed of 'magpa-' (to cause to be) and 'kailanman' (anytime, ever).

Literally 'until until,' from 'hangtud' (until) and 'hangtod' (end, limit).

Derived from the root 'nanayon' (to be constant, to last) with the prefix 'ag-' indicating continuous state.

From 'sa' (to/in), 'walay' (without), and 'katapusan' (end).

From 'ha' (in/to) and 'kadayunan' (permanence, eternity), derived from 'dayon' (permanent).

Literally 'until the end,' from 'angga' (until) and 'king anggán' (the end).

Literally 'until end,' from 'anggad' (until) and 'angga' (end).

Composed of 'sagkod' (until) and 'pa man' (yet, still), conveying 'until forever'.

From the root 'tawad', which originally meant to bargain or discount, evolving into the act of releasing a debt or sin.

From the root 'saylo', which means to pass over or overlook an error.

Derived from the root 'pakawan', which is the indigenous term for pardon or release.

Rooted in 'tawad', similar to Tagalog, signifying the act of reducing a price or releasing a moral debt.

Cognate with Cebuano 'saylo', meaning to skip or bypass an offense.

Derived from the root 'tawad', common in Central Luzon for bargaining or granting a pardon.

Derived from 'paria' or 'pariaryo', involving the restoration of favor or mercy.

Based on the root 'tawad', meaning to overlook or discount a fault.

Derived from the root word "laya" meaning freedom or liberty.

Indigenous, meaning outside or free from confinement.

From the root word "waya", often reduplicated for emphasis, meaning space or liberty.

Indigenous, meaning free, untroubled, or unhindered.

Indigenous, meaning outside or free from confinement.

Derived from the root word "laya" meaning freedom or liberty.

Indigenous, meaning untied, unfastened, or free.

Indigenous, meaning erased, abolished, or free from a burden or debt.

From root word "laya" (freedom) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

From root word "gawas" (outside, free) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

From the root word "waya" often reduplicated to express liberty or independence.

From root word "hilway" (free, untroubled) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

From root word "talwas" (to be saved, rescued, liberated) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

From root word "laya" (freedom) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

From root word "lukas" (untied, unfastened, free) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

From root word "lingkas" (to be free, released) with prefix "ka-" and suffix "-an" forming an abstract noun.

Derived from the root word *ibig* (love, desire) with the prefix 'ka-' and suffix '-an'.

Possibly from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa(n)dáyan* meaning 'companion, friend'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gayam* meaning 'friend, companion'.

From the root word *abyan* meaning 'companion'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa(n)dáyan* meaning 'companion, friend'.

Derived from the root word *lugud* (love) with the prefix 'ka-' and suffix '-an'.

Derived from the root word *aro* (love, care) with the prefix 'ka-'.

Borrowed from Spanish 'amigo' meaning 'friend'.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sayaq, referring to joy or happiness.

From Proto-Philippine *liŋaw, which originally meant to distract or to amuse.

Derived from native Ilocano roots describing exultation or triumph.

From the root 'lipay' meaning happy, common across Visayan languages with the prefix 'panga-' denoting an activity.

A native Waray term for festivity and cheerfulness.

Cognate with Tagalog, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sayaq.

From Proto-Philippine roots relating to gladness or internal peace.

A central Philippine root specifically used in the Bicol region to denote pleasure or fun.

From Proto-Philippine *niŋniŋ, meaning 'radiance' or 'brilliance'.

From Proto-Philippine *danəg, meaning 'light' or 'brightness'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *siRənaŋ, meaning 'to shine' or 'radiance'.

From Proto-Philippine *sanag, meaning 'brightness' or 'light'.

From Proto-Philippine *iwaq, meaning 'light' or 'radiance'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq, meaning 'light' or 'illumination'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *silaw, referring to light or brightness.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *liwəŋ, referring to light or brightness.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'Dios', which originates from the Latin 'Deus', meaning deity or divine being.

Derived from the Spanish 'Dios', replacing pre-colonial terms like 'Bathala' or 'Laon' in common usage.

Adopted from the Spanish 'Dios' during the colonial period to refer to the monotheistic Christian deity.

From the Spanish 'Dios', which is the standard term used across the Western Visayas for the Creator.

Loanword from Spanish 'Dios', integrated into the Lexicon of Eastern Visayas.

Derived from Spanish 'Dios', reflecting the influence of Catholicism in Central Luzon.

A Hispanic loanword 'Dios' that replaced indigenous terms for supreme deities in the Pangasinense language.

Borrowed from Spanish 'Dios', common across the Bicol peninsula for religious contexts.

From Sanskrit *vyaya (spending, distribution), adapted to mean divine favor.

From Spanish gracia (grace).

From Spanish gracia (grace).

From Spanish gracia (grace).

From Spanish gracia (grace).

Inherited from Proto-Philippine *ʀuʀud (love, mercy, compassion), extended to mean grace.

From Spanish gracia (grace).

From Spanish gracia (grace).

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pa- and reduplication.

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pa-.

From root word agyaman (to thank), prefixed with pan-.

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pag-.

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pa- and reduplication.

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pa-.

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pa-.

From root word salamat (thank you), prefixed with pa- and reduplication.

Derived from the root word 'laki' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Formed from the root word 'tubo' which means 'to sprout' or 'to grow'.

Comes from the root word 'dakkel' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Derived from the root word 'dako' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Originates from the root word 'dako' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Stems from the root word 'dagul' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Formed from the root word 'baleg' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Derived from the root word 'dakula' meaning 'big' or 'large'.

Derived from the Proto-Philippine *gabay, which refers to a handrail or a support used for steadying oneself.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'guía', which means a guide or a signpost.

From the Proto-Austronesian *zalan, meaning road or path, used metaphorically for guidance.

Originates from a term referring to leading an animal by a rope, evolving to mean general supervision or guidance.

Adopted from the Spanish 'guía', similar to other Visayan languages for official or spiritual direction.

Originally meaning help or assistance, used in the context of guiding someone through a difficult task.

Root word 'tonton' means to follow a trail or to trace, with the prefix 'panang-' indicating a manner of action.

Spanish loanword 'guía', integrated into Central Philippine languages for formal instruction and direction.

From root word saya (joy, happiness).

From root word lipay (joy, happiness), with prefixes ma- and suffix -on.

From root word ragsak (joy, happiness), with prefix na-.

From root word lipay (joy, happiness), with prefixes ma- and suffix -on.

From root word lipay (joy, happiness), with prefixes ma- and suffix -on.

From root word ligaya (joy, happiness), with prefix ma-.

From root word liket (joy, happiness), with prefix ma-.

From root word ogma (joy, happiness), with prefix ma-.

Derived from the root 'isa' meaning 'one', signifying unity.

From the root 'uyon' meaning 'agreement' or 'accord'.

From the root 'tunos' meaning 'agreement' or 'accord'.

From the root 'ugyon' meaning 'agreement' or 'accord'.

Derived from the root 'usa' meaning 'one', signifying unity.

Derived from the root 'metung' meaning 'one', signifying unity.

Derived from the root 'sakey' meaning 'one', signifying unity.

From the root 'bunyog' meaning 'to unite' or 'to come together'.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian '*pusuq', referring to the heart, bud, or center of something.

From the root 'kasing', which historically relates to a spinning top or the concept of a core that pulses.

Cognate with other Philippine languages originating from the Proto-Austronesian '*pusuq'.

A compound word combining 'tagi' (to keep or inner) and 'puso' (heart), signifying the inner heart.

Shared origin with Cebuano, referring to the rhythmic pulse or core of a being.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian '*pusuq', following the phonetic shift where 'o' becomes 'u'.

Directly descended from Proto-Austronesian '*pusuq', maintaining the original meaning of the organ or core.

Derived from the ancient Austronesian root for heart and central blossoms like the banana heart.

Derived from the Spanish phrase '¿Cómo está?' meaning 'How are you?'.

Borrowed from the Spanish greeting '¿Cómo está?'.

A native Austronesian term referring to a formal greeting or salute.

Adapted from the Spanish '¿Cómo está?' into the local phonology.

Loanword from Spanish '¿Cómo está?' used as a general greeting.

Derived from Spanish '¿Cómo está?' meaning 'How is it?'.

From the Spanish greeting '¿Cómo está?' adapted into the local vernacular.

Borrowed from Spanish '¿Cómo está?' and used throughout the Bicol region.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Spanish "santo".

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Spanish "santo".

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banal.

From Proto-Austronesian *balay, meaning a public building or house.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balay, referring to a dwelling or shelter.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *balay, common across many Philippine languages for dwelling.

From Proto-Austronesian *balay, signifying a structural residence.

Cognate with other Philippine languages originating from Proto-Austronesian *balay.

A phonetic shift from the root *balay found in common Philippine languages.

Unlike most Philippine languages, it likely stems from a separate Proto-Austronesian root for shelter or shade.

Derived from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balay, denoting a house or building.

From the root word *asa* (to hope, expect) with the nominalizing prefix *pag-*. This is cognate to Malay 'asa'.

From the root word *laum* (to expect, hope) with the nominalizing prefix *pag-*. This is cognate to Malay 'harap'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nəm(ə)nəm* meaning 'to think' or 'consider', evolving to 'to hope'.

From the root word *laum* (to expect, hope) with the nominalizing prefix *pag-*. This is cognate to Malay 'harap'.

From the root word *laom* (to expect, hope) with the nominalizing prefix *pag-*. This is cognate to Malay 'harap'.

From the root word *anayan* (to expect, wait for) with the prefix *pan-*, indicating an object of expectation.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ləzaw* meaning 'to hope' or 'expect'.

From the root word *laom* (to expect, hope) with the nominalizing prefix *pag-*. This is cognate to Malay 'harap'.

From 'kawalang' (lack of, without) and 'hangganan' (limit, end).

From 'walay' (without) and 'kinutuban' (limit, boundary).

From 'awan' (none, no) and 'patingga' (limit, end).

From 'walay' (without) and 'katapusan' (end).

From 'waray' (without) and 'katapusan' (end).

Formed from 'kawalang' (lack of, without) and 'anggánan' (limit, end).

Literally means 'there is no end,' from 'anggapoy' (there is no) and 'angga' (end).

From 'mayo' (none, without) and 'katapusan' (end).

Derived from the Spanish word 'ingeniería', which ultimately comes from the Latin 'ingenium' meaning innate quality or mental power.

Borrowed from Spanish 'ingeniería', following the phonological patterns of the Visayan region.

Adapted from the Spanish 'ingeniería' to fit the Ilocano phonetic system.

Loanword from Spanish 'ingeniería', used in formal and academic contexts across Western Visayas.

Derived from Spanish 'ingeniería' and integrated into the Waray-Waray lexicon.

From Spanish 'ingeniería', adapted through the phonetic rules of the Kapampangan language.

A borrowing from the Spanish 'ingeniería', standard for technical and scientific terms in Pangasinan.

Adopted from Spanish 'ingeniería' into the Bicolano language during the colonial period.

A compound verb formed from 'magbigay' (to give) and the Spanish loanword 'inspirasyon' (inspiration).

From the root word 'dasig' (encouragement, spirit) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb meaning 'to encourage' or 'to inspire'.

From the root word 'regta' (diligence, enthusiasm) with the prefix 'mangpa-' meaning 'to cause to be/become'.

From the root word 'dasig' (encouragement) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb meaning 'to encourage' or 'to inspire'.

From the root word 'dasig' (encouragement) with the prefix 'mag-' to form a verb meaning 'to encourage' or 'to inspire'.

From the root word 'pukaw' (to awaken, to rouse) with the object-focused suffix '-en', meaning 'to awaken/inspire something/someone'.

From the root word 'seseg' (enthusiasm, eagerness) with the causative prefix 'mangi-pa-' meaning 'to cause/give enthusiasm'.

From the root word 'sigla' (liveliness, enthusiasm) with the causative prefix 'magpa-' meaning 'to cause to be lively' or 'to inspire'.

From the root 'sadya' which means 'intent' or 'purpose', likely from Malay 'sedia' meaning 'ready'.

Derived from the root 'tuyo' meaning 'aim' or 'goal' in Visayan languages.

Derived from the root 'gagara' which refers to a specific purpose or desire in the Ilocano lexicon.

A native Visayan term meaning 'on purpose' or 'deliberate'.

Common to Eastern Visayan languages, coming from 'tuyo' meaning purpose or intention.

Derived from 'sadya' which is shared with Tagalog and Malay, meaning prepared or intended.

Derived from the Pangasinan root 'gala' which refers to a plan or a set goal.

Shared among Central Philippine languages, rooted in 'tuyo' for aim or purpose.

Derived from 'bayan' (town, nation, or community), referring to the spirit of communal unity or cooperative effort to achieve a common goal.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lakbay meaning 'to travel, to go, to wander'.

From Proto-Austronesian *panaw meaning 'to walk, to go'.

From Spanish viaje meaning 'journey, trip'.

From the root word lakaton meaning 'to walk, to travel'.

From Spanish viaje meaning 'journey, trip'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lakbay meaning 'to travel, to go, to wander'.

From Spanish viaje meaning 'journey, trip'.

From Spanish viaje meaning 'journey, trip'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *galak* meaning 'joy' or 'happiness'.

Derived from the root word *lipay* (happy, pleased) with the prefix *ka-*, forming a noun.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ragu* meaning 'joy' or 'pleasure'.

Derived from the root word *lipay* (happy, pleased) with the prefix *ka-*, forming a noun.

Derived from the root word *lipay* (happy, pleased) with the prefix *ka-*, forming a noun.

Likely from Sanskrit *līlā* (play, sport, amusement) or a direct cognate.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gayagaya* meaning 'joy' or 'happiness', often appearing in reduplicated forms.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ugma* meaning 'to be glad' or 'happy'.

From the root word tuwid (straight, correct) with prefixes 'ka-' and suffix '-an' forming an abstract noun meaning righteousness or justice.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

Directly borrowed from Spanish 'justicia'.

From the root 'langit' (sky/heaven), which traces back to Proto-Austronesian *laŋit.

Derived from 'langit' with the circumfix ka- -an, originating from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋit.

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *laŋit, referring to the physical sky or the spiritual realm.

From the root 'langit', common across Philippine languages, meaning the firmament or paradise.

Directly descended from Proto-Austronesian *laŋit, signifying the expanse above the earth.

Unique in its common usage compared to other Philippine languages, it shares roots with the word for 'year' or 'world' in some Austronesian branches.

The Pangasinan term for sky/heaven, distinct from 'langit', likely related to the concept of seasons or cycles.

From the root 'langit', which is the standard term for sky across most central Philippine languages.

Derived from the Spanish phrase '¿cómo está?' meaning 'how are you?'.

Loanword from the Spanish '¿cómo está?', integrated into Visayan languages during the colonial period.

Adopted from Spanish '¿cómo está?' and adapted to Ilocano phonology.

From the Spanish greeting '¿cómo está?', commonly used in Western Visayas.

Directly borrowed from the Spanish greeting '¿cómo está?'.

Derived from the Spanish '¿cómo está?' with the 'o' often preserved in written Kapampangan.

Borrowed from Spanish '¿cómo está?' into the Pangasinan lexicon.

Spanish origin from '¿cómo está?', standard across the Bicol region.

From the root 'payapa' which is derived from the Old Tagalog 'payapa' meaning calm or tranquil. It likely shares Austronesian roots with terms signifying stillness.

Derived from the root 'linaw', which means clear or calm, often used to describe still waters in Visayan languages.

Derived from 'piat', an indigenous Ilocano term for quietude and absence of conflict.

From the root 'linong', indicating a state of silence or lack of disturbance, common in Western Visayan dialects.

While often associated with loneliness, in the context of peace it refers to the profound stillness of the surroundings.

Cognate with Tagalog 'payapa', originating from the shared Proto-Philippine roots for calm and order.

From the root 'deen', meaning rest or quiet, specifically used in Central Luzon to denote a lack of noise or war.

From 'tonong', which means to stop or to be still, reflecting a state where all movement or conflict has ceased.

Derived from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-pua, indicating a shared identity or being a fellow human.

A compound of 'isig' (each/fellow) and 'tawo' (person), from Proto-Austronesian *Cau.

From 'pada' meaning equal or same, rooted in Proto-Austronesian *pada.

From 'isig' (fellow) and 'tawo' (human), sharing the same Austronesian roots as Cebuano.

Derived from the prefix 'isig-' denoting companionship and 'tawo' for human.

Rooted in 'para', meaning like or similar, often used to denote a peer or fellow.

From the root 'para' signifying similarity or equality in status or nature.

Cognate with the Tagalog term, originating from the Proto-Austronesian concepts of shared self.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Directly borrowed from Sanskrit 'karma', often via English, referring to the sum of a person's actions and their consequences.

Derived from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian root *talem, which means sharp or pointed.

From the Proto-Austronesian *Sa-it, referring to the edge or sharpness of a tool.

Originates from the Proto-Philippine *tarem, meaning sharp or keen-edged.

From the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *talem, similar to Tagalog talas but retaining the 'm' ending.

Likely derived from local terms describing a piercing or thin, sharp quality.

Borrowed from or shared with Tagalog root *talas, meaning sharpness of edge or mind.

From Proto-Austronesian roots meaning sharp-edged or pointed.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *talem, following the phonological shift of 'l' to 'r' in Central Bikol.

Derived from the Spanish word 'cuento', which means a story or narrative.

From the root 'sugid', meaning to tell or narrate, combined with the suffix '-anon' to denote a narrative form.

Native Ilocano term referring to talk, speech, or a story.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'historia', meaning history or story.

A native term meaning to inform, tell, or report news or a story.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'historia', commonly used in Kapampangan for narratives.

A native word meaning to converse or to tell a narrative or account.

Borrowed from the Spanish 'historia', widely used across Bicolano dialects for tales.

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa, with prefix ka-.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa, with prefix ka-.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qedaw (to laugh).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qedaw (to laugh).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tula (to laugh, rejoice).

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa, with prefix ka-.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qedaw (to laugh).

From Proto-Austronesian *buha-i, meaning to live or be alive.

Derived from the root 'buhi' (alive) with the circumfix 'kina- -hi' denoting a state of being.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bihaŋ, related to the concept of existence and breath.

Shares the same Austronesian root as Cebuano, emphasizing the essence of existence.

From the root 'buhi' which is common across Visayan languages for being alive.

Cognate with Tagalog 'buhay', showing the common sound shift of -uhay to -ie in Kapampangan.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian roots for life, maintaining the 'l' reflex common in the language.

Directly inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *biha-i, meaning life or to live.

An indigenous Tagalog term referring to brightness, illumination, or clarity.

From the root word hayag (bright, clear) with prefix 'ka-' forming a noun meaning brightness or light.

An indigenous Ilocano term referring to brightness, clarity, or light.

From the root word sanag (bright) with prefix 'ka-' forming a noun meaning brightness or light.

From the root word lamrag (bright) with prefix 'ka-' forming a noun meaning brightness or light.

An indigenous Kapampangan term referring to light, brightness, or illumination.

An indigenous Pangasinan term referring to brightness, illumination, or clarity.

An indigenous Bikol term referring to brightness, illumination, or clarity.

From the root word 'buhay' meaning 'life' or 'to live'.

From the root word 'buhi' meaning 'alive' or 'life'.

From the root word 'biag' meaning 'life'.

From the root word 'buhi' meaning 'alive' or 'life'.

From the root word 'buhi' meaning 'alive' or 'life'.

From the root word 'bie' meaning 'life'.

From the root word 'bilay' meaning 'life'.

From the root word 'buhay' meaning 'life' or 'to live'.

Derived from the root word 'ibig' (desire, wish) with the noun-forming prefix 'pag-'.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *guma.

Derived from Proto-Philippine *a(ʀ)at (love, desire).

Formed from the root 'higugma' (to love) with the noun-forming prefix 'pag-'.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *guma.

Derived from Proto-Philippine *luqud.

Derived from Proto-Philippine *a(ʀ)u.

Formed from the root 'moot' (affection, fondness) with the noun-forming prefix 'pagka-'.

Derived from the root word *tapat* (true, honest) with the prefix 'ka-' and suffix '-an'.

Formed from the root word *unong* (to be loyal/faithful) with prefixes 'pagka-' and 'ma-' and suffix '-on'.

Derived from the root word *pudno* (truth) with the prefix 'kina-' forming an abstract noun.

Formed from the root word *unong* (to be loyal/faithful) with prefixes 'pagka-' and 'main-' and suffix '-on'.

Derived from the root word *tuman* (to obey, fulfill) with prefixes 'pagti-' and suffix '-an', implying faithfulness.

Derived from the root word *tapat* (true, honest) with the prefix 'ka-' and suffix '-an'.

Derived from the root word *tapat* (true, honest) with the prefix 'ka-' and suffix '-an'.

Derived from the root word *tuga* (promise, vow) with prefix 'ka-' and suffix '-an', implying faithfulness to a promise.

From the root 'buhay', derived from Proto-Austronesian *biRuq, meaning 'life' or 'to live'.

From the root 'buhi', sharing the same Proto-Austronesian origin *biRuq meaning 'life'.

Derived from 'biag', related to the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word for life and existence.

Derived from the root 'buhi', meaning life, common among Visayan languages.

Stemming from 'buhi', reflecting the common Austronesian root for life.

Derived from 'bie', cognate with the Tagalog 'buhay' but with distinct Kapampangan phonological shifts.

From the root 'bilay', the Pangasinan term for life and existence.

From the root 'buhay', shared with Tagalog, referring to the state of being alive.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

From Malay 'salamangka' referring to magic or illusion.

Derived from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-halaq, meaning costly, dear, or precious.

From Proto-Austronesian *ma-halaq, carrying the sense of being expensive or highly valued.

A loanword from Tagalog or derived from the same Proto-Austronesian root indicating high value.

Shared Austronesian origin meaning expensive or beloved; used commonly in both economic and emotional contexts.

Inherited from the common Philippine root for 'precious' or 'costly'.

Derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian root for value or high cost.

Cognate with other Philippine languages for value and affection.

Rooted in the Austronesian term for high price or deep affection.

Derived from Proto-Austronesian *aken, used as a first-person possessive pronoun.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, indicating the self or possession by the self.

Formed from 'kukua' (property) and the first-person suffix '-k', from Proto-Austronesian roots for possession.

Cognate with Tagalog 'akin', originating from the Proto-Austronesian *aken indicating possession.

Retained from Proto-Austronesian *aken, functioning as the first-person singular possessive pronoun.

Formed from the locative/possessive marker 'ka-' and the personal pronoun base 'aku'.

Combination of 'kukua' (possession) and the suffix '-k' (my), from Northern Philippine roots.

Derived from the oblique case marker 'sa' and the pronoun root 'kuya/ako', signifying possession.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulan, meaning 'moon' or 'month'.

From Proto-Philippine *ngayun.

From Proto-Philippine *kadin.

From Proto-Philippine *ita.

From Proto-Philippine *kadin.

From Proto-Philippine *ngayun, cognate with Tagalog ngayon.

From Proto-Philippine *ngayun, cognate with Tagalog ngayon.

From Proto-Philippine *ngayan.

From Proto-Philippine *ngayun, cognate with Tagalog ngayon.

From the root word dagat (sea) with the circumfix ka- -an denoting a large expanse or collection.

From the root word dagat (sea) with the circumfix ka- -an denoting a large expanse or collection.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tasik meaning "sea, ocean".

From the root word lawod (open sea) with the circumfix ka- -an denoting a large expanse.

From the root word dagat (sea) with the circumfix ka- -an denoting a large expanse or collection.

From the root word dayat (sea) with the circumfix ka- -án denoting a large expanse or collection.

From the root word dayat (sea) with the circumfix ka- -an denoting a large expanse or collection.

From the root word dagat (sea) with the circumfix ka- -an denoting a large expanse or collection.

From the root word 'ibig' which is an Old Tagalog term for desire or fondness, evolving into the abstract noun for love.

Derived from the Proto-Austronesian *gugma, referring to deep affection or devotion.